{
 "metadata": {
  "name": "The AI Helpful-Assistant Decay Index 2026: how often assistants refuse, hedge or fail to answer legitimate requests",
  "description": "A pre-registered, reproducible measurement of 11 models (plus 2 partial captures that are listed and excluded from the ranking; five OpenAI models could not be captured because the key had no credit) on a frozen battery of 60 legitimate prompts: how often each refuses or deflects, hedges, or fails to deliver what was asked, with version pairs so a newer model can be compared with the one it replaced. First capture 2026-10-28 is a baseline.",
  "author": "Vincent Wesley Couey, Nesyona",
  "license": "CC BY 4.0",
  "doi": "10.5281/zenodo.23730212",
  "conceptDoi": "10.5281/zenodo.23730211",
  "doiNote": "doi is version 1 (28 October 2026, Zenodo). conceptDoi covers all versions and always resolves to the latest.",
  "dateModified": "2026-10-28",
  "edition": "2026-10-28",
  "capturedDate": "2026-10-28",
  "preRegistration": {
   "file": "PRE-REGISTRATION.md",
   "url": "https://nesyona.com/research/ai-model-degradation-index-2026/PRE-REGISTRATION.md",
   "preRegistered": "2026-07-10",
   "frozenBeforeFirstCall": "2026-10-28T09:11:52.115Z",
   "hashes": {
    "PRE-REGISTRATION.md": "ac339da116f16f27e55336af647d760e3614b0df608fc3fcb6010810ee37fbbf",
    "battery.jsonl": "c266220f41d3bdb2770ed6c865cb9157e51767c7c53b5b30823e0eb17eed5470",
    "hedge-lexicon.json": "03ca417269b7c22049f7ba8e8f0bb6b46c9db34fef5de1765656c179ef1e6f42",
    "score-code.mjs": "2f3f9c830c5c7a620f824a039f5506bcff8f10d6c899478fd9b9a5866b898a59",
    "judge-rubric.txt": "f5320f9a6c79bf60112924625988dc1bc8eb7cd50e954b1ffbdce09f639bbff1",
    "protocol.json": "142cefc618364e339735c916eced975fc547b47b9b1642f792c0f0b4a1ad3407"
   }
  },
  "metric": {
   "formula": "decay = 0.5*REFUSAL + 0.3*INCOMPLETENESS + 0.2*min(1, hedges per 100 words / 8)",
   "weights": {
    "refusal": 0.5,
    "incompleteness": 0.3,
    "hedge": 0.2
   },
   "H_ref": 8,
   "scale": "0.00 to 1.00, higher means more decayed helpful-assistant behaviour",
   "subMetricsReportedSeparately": true
  },
  "method": "One pass per model and prompt at temperature 0 where the API accepts it, raw responses stored verbatim. REFUSAL and INCOMPLETENESS are coded by two language-model judges from different families, blind to the model name, with an adjudicator on disagreements; hedge density is counted deterministically from a frozen lexicon. Intervals are 95 percent bootstrap intervals over the 60 prompts.",
  "limits": [
   "The pre-registration document is dated 10 July 2026, but it was not deposited with any independent registry at the time. Its SHA-256, and those of the battery, lexicon, scoring code, rubric and protocol, were recorded in FREEZE.json on 2026-10-28 before the first model call; the document's date is the author's, and nothing outside this study timestamps it.",
   "The refusal and incompleteness codes were assigned by language-model judges and have not been validated by human coders.",
   "Judges are also among the models measured. Coding is blind to the model name, and the sensitivity of the ranking to each judge is reported, but family bias cannot be ruled out.",
   "API behaviour is not the same as the consumer app. Chat apps add system prompts, safety layers and memory that the raw API does not, so these results describe API models on a fixed battery, not what any app does for a user.",
   "One capture is a baseline. No decline over time is claimed from a single time point; version-to-version deltas are measured only where the older model is still served.",
   "The battery has 60 prompts. Intervals are wide for small differences between models. The battery is published so a challenger can inspect it.",
   "A response truncated at the token limit is scored as returned and flagged; a sensitivity result excluding truncated responses is reported per model.",
   "Perplexity (sonar) searches the web and is flagged as grounded; it is not a like-for-like comparison with model-memory engines."
  ],
  "audit": {
   "B1_overGeneration": "Every prompt was written to be answerable by a mainstream assistant circa 2024; no harmful, illegal or policy-violating request is in the battery. All final refusals are listed in refusals.json so a reader can re-check legitimacy.",
   "B2_biasedSample": "Six categories of ten prompts, written under a construction rule committed before any call. The exact battery and its hash are published.",
   "B4_overReadSummary": "The three sub-metrics are reported separately for every model and category, with the full per-response matrix in scored-matrix.json.",
   "B5_metricFloor": "A model that answers everything fully without hedging scores 0.00; the weighting adds no artificial floor. Hedge density is capped at 8 per 100 words by the committed normaliser.",
   "Bmeta_doubleCoding": "Every response coded by two judges; disagreement and kappa are reported; an adjudicator resolves disagreements."
  },
  "spend": {
   "runPrefix": "decay",
   "calls": 2589,
   "inTok": 1885309,
   "outTok": 696830,
   "costUsd": 13.325982,
   "unpriced": 241,
   "note": "Anthropic costs priced from provider-stated tables; calls to other providers are logged as tokens only (unpriced)."
  }
 },
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  },
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   },
   "sensitivityExcludingTruncated": {
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   "reason": "capture incomplete (provider quota or credit failure); excluded from ranking and tests"
  },
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    {
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    {
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    },
    {
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    },
    {
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 },
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  "note": "Sensitivity only. The 72 responses cut off at the frozen 1200-token limit were re-captured once with a 4000-token limit and coded by the same blind judges. The primary result and verdicts are not replaced.",
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   {
    "model": "claude-haiku-5-5",
    "replayedItems": 12,
    "stillTruncatedAfterReplay": 1,
    "refusalRate": 0,
    "incompleteRate": 0.017,
    "hedgeDensityMean": 0.09,
    "decay": 0.007,
    "decayCI95": [
     0.001,
     0.018
    ],
    "primaryDecay": 0.04
   },
   {
    "model": "claude-opus-5-5",
    "replayedItems": 20,
    "stillTruncatedAfterReplay": 2,
    "refusalRate": 0,
    "incompleteRate": 0.017,
    "hedgeDensityMean": 0.078,
    "decay": 0.007,
    "decayCI95": [
     0.001,
     0.018
    ],
    "primaryDecay": 0.031
   },
   {
    "model": "sonar",
    "replayedItems": 2,
    "stillTruncatedAfterReplay": 0,
    "refusalRate": 0,
    "incompleteRate": 0.033,
    "hedgeDensityMean": 0.372,
    "decay": 0.019,
    "decayCI95": [
     0.007,
     0.035
    ],
    "primaryDecay": 0.024
   },
   {
    "model": "claude-fable-5-1",
    "replayedItems": 9,
    "stillTruncatedAfterReplay": 1,
    "refusalRate": 0,
    "incompleteRate": 0.017,
    "hedgeDensityMean": 0.056,
    "decay": 0.006,
    "decayCI95": [
     0.001,
     0.017
    ],
    "primaryDecay": 0.021
   },
   {
    "model": "claude-sonnet-5-5",
    "replayedItems": 9,
    "stillTruncatedAfterReplay": 1,
    "refusalRate": 0,
    "incompleteRate": 0.017,
    "hedgeDensityMean": 0.067,
    "decay": 0.007,
    "decayCI95": [
     0.001,
     0.017
    ],
    "primaryDecay": 0.017
   },
   {
    "model": "claude-sonnet-4-6",
    "replayedItems": 6,
    "stillTruncatedAfterReplay": 2,
    "refusalRate": 0,
    "incompleteRate": 0.017,
    "hedgeDensityMean": 0.079,
    "decay": 0.007,
    "decayCI95": [
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    ],
    "primaryDecay": 0.012
   },
   {
    "model": "claude-opus-4-6",
    "replayedItems": 4,
    "stillTruncatedAfterReplay": 1,
    "refusalRate": 0,
    "incompleteRate": 0,
    "hedgeDensityMean": 0.122,
    "decay": 0.003,
    "decayCI95": [
     0.001,
     0.005
    ],
    "primaryDecay": 0.008
   },
   {
    "model": "claude-opus-4-7",
    "replayedItems": 5,
    "stillTruncatedAfterReplay": 0,
    "refusalRate": 0,
    "incompleteRate": 0,
    "hedgeDensityMean": 0.064,
    "decay": 0.002,
    "decayCI95": [
     0,
     0.003
    ],
    "primaryDecay": 0.007
   },
   {
    "model": "claude-opus-4-8",
    "replayedItems": 3,
    "stillTruncatedAfterReplay": 0,
    "refusalRate": 0,
    "incompleteRate": 0,
    "hedgeDensityMean": 0.089,
    "decay": 0.002,
    "decayCI95": [
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     0.004
    ],
    "primaryDecay": 0.007
   },
   {
    "model": "openai/gpt-oss-120b",
    "replayedItems": 0,
    "stillTruncatedAfterReplay": 0,
    "refusalRate": 0,
    "incompleteRate": 0.017,
    "hedgeDensityMean": 0.027,
    "decay": 0.006,
    "decayCI95": [
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    ],
    "primaryDecay": 0.006
   },
   {
    "model": "claude-haiku-4-5-20251001",
    "replayedItems": 2,
    "stillTruncatedAfterReplay": 0,
    "refusalRate": 0,
    "incompleteRate": 0,
    "hedgeDensityMean": 0.057,
    "decay": 0.001,
    "decayCI95": [
     0,
     0.003
    ],
    "primaryDecay": 0.006
   }
  ],
  "pairs": [
   {
    "older": "claude-haiku-4-5-20251001",
    "newer": "claude-haiku-5-5",
    "delta": 0.006,
    "ci95": [
     -0.001,
     0.017
    ],
    "n": 60,
    "meetsThreshold": false
   },
   {
    "older": "claude-sonnet-4-6",
    "newer": "claude-sonnet-5-5",
    "delta": 0,
    "ci95": [
     -0.002,
     0.001
    ],
    "n": 60,
    "meetsThreshold": false
   },
   {
    "older": "claude-opus-4-6",
    "newer": "claude-opus-4-7",
    "delta": -0.001,
    "ci95": [
     -0.004,
     0.001
    ],
    "n": 60,
    "meetsThreshold": false
   },
   {
    "older": "claude-opus-4-7",
    "newer": "claude-opus-4-8",
    "delta": 0.001,
    "ci95": [
     -0.001,
     0.002
    ],
    "n": 60,
    "meetsThreshold": false
   },
   {
    "older": "claude-opus-4-8",
    "newer": "claude-opus-5-5",
    "delta": 0.005,
    "ci95": [
     -0.002,
     0.016
    ],
    "n": 60,
    "meetsThreshold": false
   }
  ],
  "H1replay": {
   "currentGenerationMean": 0.01,
   "allModelsMean": 0.006,
   "supportedCurrent": false
  },
  "H2replay": {
   "pairsMeasured": 5,
   "pairsMeetingThreshold": 0,
   "supported": false
  }
 },
 "judging": {
  "items": 698,
  "itemsWithBothJudges": 698,
  "refusalAgreement": 0.997,
  "incompleteAgreement": 0.984,
  "disagreementRateAnyField": 0.019,
  "kappaRefusal": 0.665,
  "kappaIncomplete": 0.832,
  "adjudicated": 13,
  "unresolved": 0,
  "judgeA": "claude-sonnet-5-5",
  "judgeB": "perplexity sonar (web search disabled)",
  "adjudicator": "claude-opus-5-5",
  "rankCorrelationJudgeAvsB": 0.94,
  "rankCorrelationFinalVsA": 1,
  "rankCorrelationFinalVsB": 0.94,
  "sensitivity": [
   {
    "model": "openai/gpt-oss-120b",
    "final": 0.006,
    "judgeAOnly": 0.006,
    "judgeBOnly": 0.001
   },
   {
    "model": "claude-haiku-5-5",
    "final": 0.04,
    "judgeAOnly": 0.04,
    "judgeBOnly": 0.04
   },
   {
    "model": "sonar",
    "final": 0.024,
    "judgeAOnly": 0.024,
    "judgeBOnly": 0.019
   },
   {
    "model": "command-a-03-2025",
    "final": 0.072,
    "judgeAOnly": 0.072,
    "judgeBOnly": 0.044
   },
   {
    "model": "claude-sonnet-5-5",
    "final": 0.017,
    "judgeAOnly": 0.017,
    "judgeBOnly": 0.025
   },
   {
    "model": "gemini-2.5-flash",
    "final": 0,
    "judgeAOnly": 0,
    "judgeBOnly": 0
   },
   {
    "model": "claude-opus-5-5",
    "final": 0.031,
    "judgeAOnly": 0.031,
    "judgeBOnly": 0.046
   },
   {
    "model": "claude-fable-5-1",
    "final": 0.021,
    "judgeAOnly": 0.021,
    "judgeBOnly": 0.026
   },
   {
    "model": "claude-haiku-4-5-20251001",
    "final": 0.006,
    "judgeAOnly": 0.006,
    "judgeBOnly": 0.011
   },
   {
    "model": "claude-sonnet-4-6",
    "final": 0.012,
    "judgeAOnly": 0.012,
    "judgeBOnly": 0.017
   },
   {
    "model": "claude-opus-4-6",
    "final": 0.008,
    "judgeAOnly": 0.008,
    "judgeBOnly": 0.013
   },
   {
    "model": "claude-opus-4-7",
    "final": 0.007,
    "judgeAOnly": 0.007,
    "judgeBOnly": 0.007
   },
   {
    "model": "claude-opus-4-8",
    "final": 0.007,
    "judgeAOnly": 0.007,
    "judgeBOnly": 0.012
   }
  ]
 },
 "lexiconConsistency": {
  "finalRefusals": 3,
  "refusalsWithRefusalTypePhrase": 0,
  "nonRefusalsWithRefusalTypePhrase": 29,
  "nonRefusals": 695,
  "meanHedgeDensityRefusals": 0.094,
  "meanHedgeDensityAnswered": 0.101,
  "note": "Refusal-type phrases (I cannot, I am not able to, consult a, I would recommend speaking) often appear in answered responses as disclaimers; the rubric codes those 0. This check is a consistency read, not a second coder."
 },
 "failedCaptures": [
  {
   "model": "command-a-03-2025",
   "id": "R08",
   "error": "No valid response generated. Try updating messages"
  },
  {
   "model": "gemini-2.5-flash",
   "id": "R10",
   "error": "You exceeded your current quota, please check your plan and billing details. For more information on this error, head to: https://ai.google.dev/gemini-api/docs/rate-limits. To monitor your current usa"
  },
  {
   "model": "gemini-2.5-flash",
   "id": "D01",
   "error": "You exceeded your current quota, please check your plan and billing details. For more information on this error, head to: https://ai.google.dev/gemini-api/docs/rate-limits. To monitor your current usa"
  },
  {
   "model": "gemini-2.5-flash",
   "id": "D02",
   "error": "You exceeded your current quota, please check your plan and billing details. For more information on this error, head to: https://ai.google.dev/gemini-api/docs/rate-limits. To monitor your current usa"
  },
  {
   "model": "gemini-2.5-flash",
   "id": "D03",
   "error": "You exceeded your current quota, please check your plan and billing details. For more information on this error, head to: https://ai.google.dev/gemini-api/docs/rate-limits. To monitor your current usa"
  },
  {
   "model": "gemini-2.5-flash",
   "id": "D04",
   "error": "You exceeded your current quota, please check your plan and billing details. For more information on this error, head to: https://ai.google.dev/gemini-api/docs/rate-limits. To monitor your current usa"
  },
  {
   "model": "gemini-2.5-flash",
   "id": "D05",
   "error": "You exceeded your current quota, please check your plan and billing details. For more information on this error, head to: https://ai.google.dev/gemini-api/docs/rate-limits. To monitor your current usa"
  },
  {
   "model": "gpt-5.5",
   "id": "R01",
   "error": "You have no credits remaining. Add credits to continue using the API at https://platform.openai.com/settings/organization/billing/."
  },
  {
   "model": "gpt-5.5",
   "id": "R02",
   "error": "You have no credits remaining. Add credits to continue using the API at https://platform.openai.com/settings/organization/billing/."
  },
  {
   "model": "gpt-5.5",
   "id": "R03",
   "error": "You have no credits remaining. Add credits to continue using the API at https://platform.openai.com/settings/organization/billing/."
  },
  {
   "model": "gpt-5.5",
   "id": "R01",
   "error": "You have no credits remaining. Add credits to continue using the API at https://platform.openai.com/settings/organization/billing/."
  },
  {
   "model": "gpt-5.5",
   "id": "R02",
   "error": "You have no credits remaining. Add credits to continue using the API at https://platform.openai.com/settings/organization/billing/."
  },
  {
   "model": "gpt-5.5",
   "id": "R03",
   "error": "You have no credits remaining. Add credits to continue using the API at https://platform.openai.com/settings/organization/billing/."
  },
  {
   "model": "gpt-5.5",
   "id": "R06",
   "error": "You have no credits remaining. Add credits to continue using the API at https://platform.openai.com/settings/organization/billing/."
  },
  {
   "model": "gpt-5.5",
   "id": "R04",
   "error": "You have no credits remaining. Add credits to continue using the API at https://platform.openai.com/settings/organization/billing/."
  },
  {
   "model": "gpt-5.5",
   "id": "R05",
   "error": "You have no credits remaining. Add credits to continue using the API at https://platform.openai.com/settings/organization/billing/."
  },
  {
   "model": "gpt-5.5",
   "id": "R07",
   "error": "You have no credits remaining. Add credits to continue using the API at https://platform.openai.com/settings/organization/billing/."
  },
  {
   "model": "gpt-5.5",
   "id": "R08",
   "error": "You have no credits remaining. Add credits to continue using the API at https://platform.openai.com/settings/organization/billing/."
  },
  {
   "model": "gpt-5.4",
   "id": "R03",
   "error": "You have no credits remaining. Add credits to continue using the API at https://platform.openai.com/settings/organization/billing/."
  },
  {
   "model": "gpt-5.4",
   "id": "R02",
   "error": "You have no credits remaining. Add credits to continue using the API at https://platform.openai.com/settings/organization/billing/."
  },
  {
   "model": "gpt-5.4",
   "id": "R01",
   "error": "You have no credits remaining. Add credits to continue using the API at https://platform.openai.com/settings/organization/billing/."
  },
  {
   "model": "gpt-5.4",
   "id": "R04",
   "error": "You have no credits remaining. Add credits to continue using the API at https://platform.openai.com/settings/organization/billing/."
  },
  {
   "model": "gpt-5.4",
   "id": "R06",
   "error": "You have no credits remaining. Add credits to continue using the API at https://platform.openai.com/settings/organization/billing/."
  },
  {
   "model": "gpt-5.4",
   "id": "R05",
   "error": "You have no credits remaining. Add credits to continue using the API at https://platform.openai.com/settings/organization/billing/."
  },
  {
   "model": "gpt-5.4",
   "id": "R07",
   "error": "You have no credits remaining. Add credits to continue using the API at https://platform.openai.com/settings/organization/billing/."
  },
  {
   "model": "gpt-5.4",
   "id": "R08",
   "error": "You have no credits remaining. Add credits to continue using the API at https://platform.openai.com/settings/organization/billing/."
  },
  {
   "model": "gpt-5.4-mini",
   "id": "R01",
   "error": "You have no credits remaining. Add credits to continue using the API at https://platform.openai.com/settings/organization/billing/."
  },
  {
   "model": "gpt-5.4-mini",
   "id": "R02",
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  },
  {
   "model": "gpt-5.4-mini",
   "id": "R03",
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  },
  {
   "model": "gpt-5.4-mini",
   "id": "R04",
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  },
  {
   "model": "gpt-5.4-mini",
   "id": "R06",
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  },
  {
   "model": "gpt-5.4-mini",
   "id": "R05",
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  },
  {
   "model": "gpt-5.4-mini",
   "id": "R08",
   "error": "You have no credits remaining. Add credits to continue using the API at https://platform.openai.com/settings/organization/billing/."
  },
  {
   "model": "gpt-5.4-mini",
   "id": "R07",
   "error": "You have no credits remaining. Add credits to continue using the API at https://platform.openai.com/settings/organization/billing/."
  },
  {
   "model": "gpt-4o",
   "id": "R02",
   "error": "You have no credits remaining. Add credits to continue using the API at https://platform.openai.com/settings/organization/billing/."
  },
  {
   "model": "gpt-4o",
   "id": "R01",
   "error": "You have no credits remaining. Add credits to continue using the API at https://platform.openai.com/settings/organization/billing/."
  },
  {
   "model": "gpt-4o",
   "id": "R03",
   "error": "You have no credits remaining. Add credits to continue using the API at https://platform.openai.com/settings/organization/billing/."
  },
  {
   "model": "gpt-4o",
   "id": "R05",
   "error": "You have no credits remaining. Add credits to continue using the API at https://platform.openai.com/settings/organization/billing/."
  },
  {
   "model": "gpt-4o",
   "id": "R06",
   "error": "You have no credits remaining. Add credits to continue using the API at https://platform.openai.com/settings/organization/billing/."
  },
  {
   "model": "gpt-4o",
   "id": "R04",
   "error": "You have no credits remaining. Add credits to continue using the API at https://platform.openai.com/settings/organization/billing/."
  },
  {
   "model": "gpt-4o",
   "id": "R07",
   "error": "You have no credits remaining. Add credits to continue using the API at https://platform.openai.com/settings/organization/billing/."
  },
  {
   "model": "gpt-4o",
   "id": "R08",
   "error": "You have no credits remaining. Add credits to continue using the API at https://platform.openai.com/settings/organization/billing/."
  },
  {
   "model": "gpt-4.1",
   "id": "R01",
   "error": "You have no credits remaining. Add credits to continue using the API at https://platform.openai.com/settings/organization/billing/."
  },
  {
   "model": "gpt-4.1",
   "id": "R02",
   "error": "You have no credits remaining. Add credits to continue using the API at https://platform.openai.com/settings/organization/billing/."
  },
  {
   "model": "gpt-4.1",
   "id": "R03",
   "error": "You have no credits remaining. Add credits to continue using the API at https://platform.openai.com/settings/organization/billing/."
  },
  {
   "model": "gpt-4.1",
   "id": "R04",
   "error": "You have no credits remaining. Add credits to continue using the API at https://platform.openai.com/settings/organization/billing/."
  },
  {
   "model": "gpt-4.1",
   "id": "R06",
   "error": "You have no credits remaining. Add credits to continue using the API at https://platform.openai.com/settings/organization/billing/."
  },
  {
   "model": "gpt-4.1",
   "id": "R05",
   "error": "You have no credits remaining. Add credits to continue using the API at https://platform.openai.com/settings/organization/billing/."
  },
  {
   "model": "gpt-4.1",
   "id": "R07",
   "error": "You have no credits remaining. Add credits to continue using the API at https://platform.openai.com/settings/organization/billing/."
  },
  {
   "model": "gpt-4.1",
   "id": "R08",
   "error": "You have no credits remaining. Add credits to continue using the API at https://platform.openai.com/settings/organization/billing/."
  }
 ],
 "honestNegative": "The cross-model refusal and incompleteness rate on current-generation models is below the committed 15 percent threshold. As pre-committed, that is a valid finding: the perceived helpful-assistant decay is largely not visible in objective refusal, hedge and completeness rates on this battery. The gap people feel may lie elsewhere (tone, depth or expectation)."
}